Which research method is NOT typically associated with testing hypotheses?

The research method that is typically not associated with testing hypotheses is qualitative research. Qualitative research primarily focuses on exploring and understanding human experiences, behaviors, and social phenomena through interviews, observations, and content analysis. It seeks to provide depth and detail about a particular subject rather than testing specific predictions or hypotheses.

In contrast, quantitative research is explicitly designed to test hypotheses through structured methods that yield numerical data, which can be analyzed statistically. Similarly, both meta-synthesis and meta-analysis involve methods that analyze and summarize findings from multiple studies to assess hypotheses or theories. Meta-analysis, in particular, focuses on quantitative studies, aggregating data to determine overall effects or relationships.

Therefore, the distinction lies in the aim of qualitative methods, which is more about exploration and understanding rather than hypothesis testing, making it the correct choice in this context.