What is characterized by clearly identifying variables and specifying the population?

The choice that is characterized by clearly identifying variables and specifying the population is a research question. A research question serves as the foundational framework for a study, directing the research process and identifying what is to be investigated. It typically articulates the relationship between variables and clarifies the target population being studied, which is essential in formulating a focused and relevant research inquiry.

In the context of a research study, having a well-defined research question is crucial because it helps researchers determine the methodology, design the study effectively, and ultimately interpret results. The specification of both variables and population ensures that the research is targeted and can yield meaningful conclusions that are applicable to the broader context.

In contrast, while a research hypothesis may also reference variables, it is more focused on predictions of relationships or outcomes rather than the initial framing of an inquiry. The null hypothesis serves to provide a statement of no effect or relationship, functioning as a baseline for statistical testing but being less concerned with the specifics of the population. A statistical hypothesis is a broader concept used within statistical frameworks to evaluate assumptions based on sample data, often being more abstract and less focused on the variables and population specifics found in a research question. Thus, the clarity and focus of a research question make it the correct selection in this